The density (more precisely, the volumetric mass density; also known as specific mass), of a substance is its mass per unit volume.

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An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed and direction. In laser Doppler velocimetry, laser Doppler anemometers use a beam of light from a laser that is divided into two beams, with one propagated out of the anemometer. Particulates (or deliberately introduced seed material) flowing along with air molecules near where the beam exits reflect, or backscatter, the light back into a detector, where it is measured relative to the original laser beam. When the particles are in great motion, they produce a Doppler shift for measuring wind speed in the laser light, which is used to calculate the speed of the particles, and therefore the air around the anemometer.

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Permeability measurements in engineering involve quantifying the ability of a material to allow the flow of fluids or gases through it. It is an important parameter in various fields such as geotechnical engineering, soil science, and materials science, providing insights into the flow characteristics and transport properties of porous media, membranes, or permeable materials. Select

Profilometers are instruments used to measure and analyze the surface topography and roughness of objects or materials. They employ various techniques such as contact, optical, or scanning probe methods to obtain precise measurements of surface features, enabling engineers to assess surface quality, evaluate wear patterns, and ensure compliance with desired specifications in industries like manufacturing, metrology, and materials science. Select

Rheology is the study of the flow of matter, primarily in a liquid state, but also as "soft solids" or solids under conditions in which they respond with plastic flow rather than deforming elastically in response to an applied force. Rheometry generically refers to the experimental techniques used to determine the rheological properties of materials, that is the qualitative and quantitative relationships between stresses and strains and their derivatives.

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate.

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An analytical balance is a class of balance designed to measure small mass in the sub-milligram range. The measuring pan of an analytical balance is inside a transparent enclosure with doors so that dust does not collect and so any air currents in the room do not affect the balance's operation. Electronic analytical scales measure the force needed to counter the mass being measured rather than using actual masses. As such they must have calibration adjustments made to compensate for gravitational differences. They use an electromagnet to generate a force to counter the sample being measured and outputs the result by measuring the force needed to achieve balance.

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Specific surface area is a property of solids defined as the total surface area of a material per unit of mass, (with units of m²/kg or m²/g) or solid or bulk volume (units of m²/m³ or m⁻¹).

It is a physical value that can be used to determine the type and properties of a material (e.g. soil or snow). It has a particular importance for adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis, and reactions on surfaces.

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Temperature measurement (also known as thermometry) describes the process of measuring a current local temperature for immediate or later evaluation. Datasets consisting of repeated standardized measurements can be used to assess temperature trends.

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The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct heat. It is commonly denoted by k, λ, or κ. In the International System of Units (SI), thermal conductivity is measured in watts per meter-kelvin (W/(m⋅K)).

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