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Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze charged molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size, shape, and charge. In electrophoresis, a sample is placed in a gel matrix and an electric field is applied, causing the charged molecules to migrate through the gel. The rate of migration is dependent on the molecular weight and charge of the molecule, allowing for the separation of different molecules. Electrophoresis is widely used in fields such as molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics for research, medical diagnostics, and biotechnology applications.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a molecular biology technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence. In PCR, the targeted DNA sequence is repeatedly copied in vitro using a thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme, oligonucleotide primers, and nucleotides. Thermal cycling is used to denature the DNA, anneal the primers, and activate the DNA polymerase, which then extends the primers and synthesizes the complementary strands. PCR is widely used for research, genetic testing, and medical diagnostics. Select