The BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) method is a widely employed technique in particle characterization for determining the specific surface area of porous materials. It is based on the physical adsorption of gas molecules onto the sample surface, and by analyzing the amount of adsorbed gas at different pressures, the surface area can be calculated using the BET equation. The BET method provides valuable insights into the porosity, texture, and surface properties of materials, making it essential in fields such as catalyst development, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. Select

Chemisorption is a surface characterization technique used to measure the amount of adsorbed gas on a solid surface through chemical reactions. During chemisorption, a gas is adsorbed onto a solid surface and interacts with the surface atoms or molecules, leading to the formation of a chemical bond. The amount of gas adsorbed is measured through methods such as thermal desorption or infrared spectroscopy, providing information on the surface area, porosity, and reactivity of the solid material.

The Dynamic Foam Analyser (DFA) equipment allows the scientific analysis of liquid foams, thus the interfacial activity of surfactants or nanoparticles and has potential applications in Primary (minerals) and Secondary (battery/WEEE wastes) raw materials separation as well as biobased foams/froths/dispersions analysis. The requirements for the equipment are that allows the investigation of foams produced by sparging or stirring and that externally generated foams can also be analysed under temperature control. Provision of additional capabilities related to bubble size distribution, liquid content (both as function of times) and foam half-life are also included. Select

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a technique used for measuring the size distribution of particles in a suspension. Based on Brownian motion, DLS analyzes the motion of particles within a fluid, generating data about their size and size distribution. DLS is widely used in research, drug discovery, and materials science for the characterization of nanoparticles, polymers, and proteins. Select

Dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) is a technique used to study the water sorption/desorption behavior of solids and powders. During DVS, a sample is exposed to a controlled humid environment and its mass is recorded over time. By analyzing the rate of water absorption/desorption, the moisture sorption isotherm can be determined and the materials' water uptake and water content can be characterized. DVS is widely used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, and biotechnology, where the interaction between solids and moisture is critical.

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Gas pycnometry is a technique used to determine the density of solids. The method involves filling a container with an inert gas such as helium at a known pressure, then measuring the volume of gas displaced by the solid material. By using the ideal gas law, the density of the solid can be calculated. Gas pycnometry is commonly used in the production and characterization of powders, ceramics, metals, and polymers. Select

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